Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease that affects the neuromuscular junction, the point where nerve endings meet muscle cells. It is an autoimmune disease, with specific antibodies directed against specific areas of the neuromuscular junction. Its symptoms have characteristic fluctuations and deteriorate with fatigue. They may concern only the eyes (ocular myasthenia) or the whole body (generalized myasthenia).
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a neurological syndrome that most commonly occurs in people older than 65 years and is manifested by gait disorders, mental function disorders and urgency and / or urinary incontinence. Brain imaging shows enlargement of the ventricular system of the brain accompanied by other specific imaging features that help distinguish this syndrome from cerebral atrophy. Because it is potentially reversible if treated early, accurate and timely diagnosis is very important.
The term “migraine” is used to describe a neurological syndrome with specific characteristics. Pain is most commonly located in half of the head, its character is pulsive and may be accompanied by nausea with or without vomiting, photophobia and / or phonophobia. Sometimes the above symptoms are preceded by additional neurological symptoms, more often visual disturbances and rarely other symptoms such as numbness in half of the body. These symptoms constitute the migraine aura. Migraine affects women more often than men and is the most common cause of lost working hours in the western world.
Electromyography is a diagnostic test to assess the state of muscles and nerve cells that control them (motor neurons). The results of the electromyogram can reveal nerve dysfunction, muscle dysfunction or problems with the transmission of a nerve signal to a muscle. During the examination, a needle electrode is inserted directly into a muscle and records electrical activity in that muscle.
The nerve conduction study is used to reveal peripheral nerve damage. This test records how fast an electrical signal moves through a particular nerve. During the examination, two electrodes are placed on the skin above your nerve. A specific nerve is stimulated with a very small amount of electricity through an electrode (stimulator). The caused electrical activity is recorded by another electrode (recorder). This is repeated for each nerve. The speed is then calculated by measuring the distance between the electrodes and the time it takes for the electrical signals to travel between the electrodes.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a diagnostic test that records electrical activity in the brain using electrodes (small, metal discs) placed in specific locations on the scalp. Brain cells communicate through electrical signals, and this electrical activity appears as waveforms in an EEG recording. It is one of the main diagnostic tests for epilepsy, while it can also assist in the diagnosis of other neurological disorders.
There are several types of sleep disorders, of which insomnia is the most common and which is divided into several subtypes. Other sleep disorders include sleep apnea, parasomnias, narcolepsy and restless legs syndrome.
Dementia is defined as the impairment of at least two mental functions with simultaneous impairment of a person’s functionality. The most common neurodegenerative dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, and the most common non-neurodegenerative principle is vascular dementia. Of course, there are also other dementia syndromes, such as frontotemporal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies, etc. Finally, there are other causes that cause potentially reversible disorders of mental functions such as lack of specific vitamins, normal pressure hydrocephalus, etc., the early diagnosis and treatment of which is of utmost importance.
Stroke is a neurological disorder due to the reduction or interruption of blood flow to a specific area of the brain. It is the second most common cause of death worldwide. Strokes, depending on their etiology, are divided into ischemic (most common) and hemorrhagic. Symptoms typically have a sudden onset and vary, depending on the area of the brain concerned by stroke, e.g. speech disorder, weakness of the upper and lower extremities of one side of the body, numbness of the upper and lower extremities of one side of the body, drop in angle of the mouth, sudden visual disturbances, unsteadiness, severe headache with sudden onset, etc. Timely treatment of a stroke as well as its prevention is of paramount importance. There are many risk factors for stroke, some are non-modifiable, such as age, gender, ethnicity, etc. and others are modifiable, such as arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, lack of physical activity, atrial fibrillation, sleep apnea, etc.